Analysing Self-Regulation in Academic Writing: A Study of Select Essay Writers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58213/ell.v3i2.39Keywords:
writing supervision, disciplinary writing, writing regulation, metacognition, motivationAbstract
A sociocultural approach to understanding how social environment and social interaction are connected to writing regulation has been more important in writing research over the past several decades. Self-regulation in three successful Bachelor essay writers in literature is examined via a participatory appropriation theory lens, and how contact with supervisors helped them acquire writing regulation in ways appropriate to their academic backgrounds. With the help of Pintrich's self-regulation framework, we conducted three in-depth qualitative interviews with participants at three different stages throughout the research. Using data from this study on students' self-regulation of writing and social interactions, such as their conversations with their supervisors, researchers were able to see whether there was any overlap between the two. In light of our results, we may infer that supervisors acted as socializers, helping students adopt disciplinary-relevant ways of thinking and behaving while also encouraging students' motivation and re-conceptualizing the writing process. This study, seen as a whole, answers to requests for research into the social framework in which self-regulation is rooted.
References
• Azevedo, R. (2009). Theoretical, conceptual, methodological and instructional issues in research on metacognition and self-regulated learning: A discussion. Metacognition and Learning, 4(1), 87–95. doi:10.1007/s11409-009-9035-7
• Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M. M. Bakhtin. Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Beach, R., Newell, G., &VanDerHeide, J. (2015). A sociocultural perspective on writing development: Towards an agenda for classroom research on students’ use of social practices. In C. MacArthur, S. Graham & J. Fitzgerald (Eds.), Handbook of writing research (2nd ed.; pp. 88–101). New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
• Bereiter, C., &Scardamalia, M. (1987). The psychology of written composition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Berkenkotter, C., &Huckin, T. N. (1995). Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication.Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Björkman, B. (2017). PhD supervision meetings in an English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) setting: Linguistic competence and content knowledge as neutralizers of institutional and academic power. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 6(1). 111–139. doi:10.1515/jelf-2017-0005
• Bransford, J. D., & Schwartz, D. L. (1999). Rethinking transfer: A simple proposal with multiple implications. In A. Iran-Nejad& P. D. Pearson (Eds.), Review of research in education 24 (pp. 61–100). Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association. doi: 10.2307/1167267
• Breetvelt, I., van den Bergh, H., &Rijlaarsdam, G. (1994). Relations between writing processes and text quality: When and how? Cognition and instruction, 12(2), 103–123. doi:10.1207/s1532690xci1202_2
• Carter, M., Ferzli, M., & Wiebe, E. N. (2007). Writing to learn by learning to write in the disciplines. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 21, 278–302. doi:10.1177/1050651907300466
• Castelló, M., &Iñesta, A. (2012). Texts as artifacts-in-activity: Developing authorial identity and academic voice in writing academic research papers. In M. Castelló& C. Donahue (Eds.), University writing: Selves and texts in academic societies (pp. 179–200). Brill Publishers.
• Castelló, M., Iñesta, A., &Corcelles, M. (2013). Learning to write a research article: Ph. D. students’ transitions toward disciplinary writing regulation. Research in the Teaching of English, 47(4), 442–477.
• Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
• Dysthe, O. (2002). Professors as mediators of academic text cultures. Written Communication, 19(4), 493–544. doi: 10.1177/074108802238010
• Elton, L. (2010). Academic writing and tacit knowledge. Teaching in Higher Education, 15, 151– 160. doi:10.1080/13562511003619979
• Eriksson, A.-M., &Mäkitalo, A. (2015). Supervision at the outline stage: Introducing and encountering issues of sustainable development through academic writing assignments. Text & Talk, 35(2), 123–153. doi:10.1515/text-2014-0032
• Escorcia, D., Passerault, J. M., Ros, C., &Pylouster, J. (2017). Profiling writers: Analysis of writing dynamics among college students. Metacognition and Learning, 12(2), 233–273. doi: 10.1007/s11409-016-9166-6
• Feltham, M., & Sharen, C. (2015). “What do you mean I wrote a C paper?” Writing, revision, and self-regulation. Collected Essays on Learning and Teaching, 8, 111–138. doi:10.22329/celt.v8i0.4259
• Flower, L., & Hayes, J. R. (1980). The cognition of discovery: Defining a rhetorical problem.College composition and communication, 31, 21–32. doi:10.2307/356630
• Gass, S. M., & Mackey, A. (2000). Stimulated recall methodology in second language research.Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
• Graham, S., &Perin, D. (2007). A meta-analysis of writing instruction for adolescent students.Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, 445–476. doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9640-1
• Graham, S., &Rijlaarsdam, G. (2016). Writing education around the globe: Introduction and call for a new global analysis. Reading and Writing, 29, 781–792. doi: 10.1007/s11145-016-9640- 1
• Graham, S., Gillespie, A., & McKeown, D. (2013). Writing: Importance, development, and instruction. Reading and Writing, 26, 1–15. doi:10.1007/s11145-012-9395-2
• Hadwin, A., &Oshige, M. (2011). Self-regulation, coregulation, and socially shared regulation: Exploring perspectives of social in self-regulated learning theory. Teachers College Record, 113(2), 240–264.
• Hadwin, A. Järvelä, S., & Miller, M. (2018). Self-regulation, co-regulation, and shared regulation in collaborative learning environments. In D. H. Schunk & J. A. Greene (Eds.), Handbook of self- regulation of learning and performance (2nd ed. pp. 83–137). New York, NY: Routledge
• Hayot, E. (2014). Academic writing, I love you. Really, I do. Critical Inquiry, 41, 53–77. doi:10.1086/678157
• Järvelä, S., &Hadwin, A. F. (2013). New frontiers: Regulating learning in CSCL. Educational Psychologist, 48(1), 25–39. doi:10.1080/00461520.2012.748006
• Johns, A. M. (2011). The future of genre in L2 writing: Fundamental, but contested, instructional decisions. Journal of Second Language Writing, 20, 56–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jslw.2010.12.003 Kuteeva, M. &Negretti, R. (2016). Graduate students’ genre knowledge and perceived disciplinarypractices: Creating a research space across disciplines. English for Specific Purposes, 4, 36-49. doi: 10.1016/j.esp.2015.08.004
• Lee, G., &Schallert, D. L. (2008). Meeting in the margins: Effects of the teacher–student relationship on revision processes of EFL college students taking a composition course. Journal of Second Language Writing, 17(3), 165–182. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2007.11.002
• Linares Cálix, A. L. (2015). Raising metacognitive genre awareness in L2 academic readers and writers (Doctoral dissertation). University of Groningen: Groningen dissertations in linguistics. ISBN 978-90-367-8054-4
• MacArthur, C. A., Philippakos, Z. A., &Ianetta, M. (2015). Self-regulated strategy instruction in college developmental writing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(3), 855–867. doi:10.1037/edu0000011
• Molenaar, I., &Järvelä, S. (2014). Sequential and temporal characteristics of self and socially regu– lated learning. Metacognition and Learning, 9(2), 75–85. doi: 10.1007/s11409-014-9114-2 Negretti,R.(2012).Metacognitioninstudentacademicwriting:Alongitudinalstudy ofmetacognitive awareness and its relation to task perception and evaluation of performance.Written Communication, 29(2), 142-179. doi: 10.1177/0741088312438529
• Negretti, R. (2017). Calibrating genre: Metacognitive judgments and rhetorical effectiveness in academic writing by L2 graduate students. Applied Linguistics, 38(4), 512-539. First published online Oct. 29, 2015. doi: 10.1093/applin/amv051
• Negretti, R. and Kuteeva, M. (2011). Fostering metacognitive genre awareness in L2 academic reading and writing: A case study of pre-service English teachers. Journal of Second Language Writing, 20, 95–110. doi: 10.1016/j.jslw.2011.02.002
• Negretti, R., & McGrath, L. (2018). Scaffolding genre knowledge and metacognition: insights from an L2 doctoral research writing course. Journal of Second Language Writing, 40(June), 12-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jslw.2017.12.002
• Nicolás-Conesa, F., Roca de Larios, J., & Coyle, Y. (2014). Development of EFL students’ mental models of writing and their effects on performance. Journal of Second Language Writing, 24, 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2014.02.004
• Nishino, T., & Atkinson, D. (2015). Second language writing as sociocognitive alignment. Journal of Second Language Writing, 27, 37–54. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2014.11.002
• Ong, J. (2014). How do planning time and task conditions affect metacognitive processes of L2 writers? Journal of Second Language Writing, 23, 17–30. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2013.10.002
• Pieschl, S. (2009). Metacognitive calibration: An extended conceptualization and potential applications. Metacognition and Learning, 4, 3–31. doi:10.1007/s11409-008-9030-4
• Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich& M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 451–502). San Diego & London: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50043-3
• Pintrich, P. R. (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 667–686. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.667
• Pintrich, P. R. (2004). A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 385–407. doi:10.1007/s10648-004- 0006-x
• Prior, P. (2006). A sociocultural theory of writing. In C. A. MacArthur, S. Graham & J. Fitzgerald (Eds.), Handbook of writing research (pp. 54–66). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Prior P. &Bilbro, R. (2012). Academic enculturation: Developing literate practices and disciplinary identities. In M. Castelló& C. Donahue (Eds.), University writing: Selves and texts in academic societies (pp. 19–29). Leiden, The Netherlands: BRILL.
• Rogers, L. A., & Graham, S. (2008). A meta-analysis of single subject design writing intervention research. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 879–906. doi:10.1037/0022- 0663.100.4.879
• Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Rogoff, B. (2008). Observing sociocultural activity on three planes: Participatory appropriation, guided participation, and apprenticeship. In K. Hall, P. Murphy & J. Soler (Eds.), Pedagogy and practice: Culture and identities (pp. 58–74). Los Angeles: SAGE.
• Rogoff, B., &Angelillo, C. (2002). Investigating the coordinated functioning of multifaceted cultural practices in human development. Human Development, 45, 211–225. doi:10.1159/000064981
• Sala-Bubaré, A., &Castelló, M. (2018). Writing regulation processes in higher education: A review of two decades of empirical research. Reading and Writing, 31, 757–777. doi:10.1007/s11145-017-9808-3
• Schoonen, R., van Gelderen, A., Stoel, R. D., Hulstijin, J., &Glopper, K. (2011). Modeling the development of L1 and EFL writing proficiency of secondary school students. Language Learning, 61, 31–79. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00590.x
• Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (Eds.) (1998). Self-regulated learning: From teaching to self- reflective practice. New York: The Guildford Press.
• Sennett, R. (2008). The craftsman. London: Allen Lane.
• Serra, M. J., & Metcalfe, J. (2009). Effective implementation of metacognition. In D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Handbook of metacognition and education (pp. 278–298). New York: Routledge.
• Shaw, P. (2009). Linking adverbials in student and professional writing in literary studies: What makes writing mature. In M. Charles, S. Hunston& D. Pecorari (Eds.), Academic writing: At the interface of corpus and discourse (pp. 215–235). London & New York: Continuum.
• Tardy, C. M. (2016). Beyond convention: Genre innovation in academic writing. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
• Teng, L. S., & Zhang, L. J. (2016). A questionnaire-based validation of multidimensional models of self-regulated learning strategies. The Modern Language Journal, 100, 674–701. doi: 10.1111/modl.12339
• Van den Bergh, H., &Rijlaarsdam, G. (2001). Changes in cognitive activities during the writing process and relationships with text quality. Educational Psychology, 21, 373–385. doi: 10.1080/01443410120090777
• Winne, P. H. (1995). Inherent details in self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist, 30, 173– 187. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3004_2
• Wischgoll, A. (2016). Combined training of one cognitive and one metacognitive strategy improves academic writing skills. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 187. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00187
• Wolters, C. A., & Mueller, S. A. (2010). Motivation regulation. In P. P. B. McGaw (Ed.),International encyclopedia of education (3rd ed.; pp. 631–635). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
• Wong, A. T. (2005). Writers’ mental representations of the intended audience and of the rhetorical purpose for writing and the strategies that they employed when they composed. System, 33, 29–47. doi:10.1016/j.system.2004.06.0093
• Yeh, H. C. (2015). Facilitating metacognitive processes of academic genre-based writing using an online writing system. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28, 479–498. doi:10.1080/09588221.2014.881384
• Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 297–306. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.329
• Zimmerman, B. J. (1995). Self-regulation involves more than metacognition: A social cognitive perspective. Educational Psychologist, 30, 217–221. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3004_8
• Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts,P. R. Pintrich& M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13–39). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50031-7
• Zimmerman, B. J., & Cleary, T. J. (2009). Motives to self-regulate learning: A social cognitive account. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 247– 264). New York: Routledge.
• Zimmerman, B. J., &Kitsantas, A. (1999). Acquiring writing revision skill: Shifting from process to outcome self-regulatory goals. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 241–250. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.241